Esophageal cancer diagnosis
gastrointestinal tract
It is a cancer or a malignant tumor arising in the esophagus that muscle tubular structure extended for the throat or pharynx above to the stomach or gastric cardia below and responsible for execution of the food and drink throughout its length to reach the stomach
The esophagus can be divided into three parts upper third, middle third and bottom third of each about 9 cm
it can also be divided according to its location in three parts of which are cervical part in the neck and is about 5 cm and thoracic portion that is located in the chest cavity and is approximately 20 cm and abdominal portion which is located in the abdominal cavity and is approximately 2 cm
impact
common in men more than the female common in old age over 60 years rarely below 40 years
Esophageal cancer common in China Russia and South Africa
What are the site
Common site for cancer of the esophagus at the normally narrow points and lower esophagus and gastroesophageal junction GOJ
What types of esophageal cancer
Squmamous carcinoma is the most common types for esophageal cancer that can be raised at all levels in the esophagus
Adenocarcinoma arises mainly in the lower third of the esophagus and the gastroesophageal junction main predisposing factor is Barrett's esophagus, which comes from the Barrett's metaplasia, mucous and resembles gastric cancer
Oat cell carcinoma is rare type of esophageal cancer and associated with a poor prognosis
Other rare tumors are cystic carcinoma, melanoma, and carcinoid tumors adenoid
What causes
There are many risk factors associated with the development of esophageal cancer
Which can be divided as
Esophageal cancer diagnosis
Normal esophageal cavity
Risk factors associated with squamous cell carcinoma
Smoking and tobacco use
High alcohol consumption
Nitorso compounds in pickled vegetables and smoked meats or nitrosamines in the diet
Mineral deficiencies such as zinc and molybdenum
Vitamin deficiencies such as vitamins A and C
Achalalesia and leukoplakia
Web congenital esophageal syndrome or Plummer -vinson which it is rare for women to iron deficiency characterized by dysphagia due to the development of post-cricoid web with spoon-shaped nails glossitis splenomegaly and anemia
Corrosive ingestion or swallowing strong alkaline like laundry or acids
Celiac disease
Esophageal strictures and diverticula
peptic ulcer
Tylosis and Howel-Evans syndrome is hereditary or autosomal dominant disorder characterized by hyperkertosis or thickness of the skin of the palms and soles of foots
Human papillomavirus infections and fugue of the esophagus
Prolonged exposure to radiation
Partially complete removal of the stomach
Adenocarcinom risk factors
Barrett's esophagus,
The gastroesophageal reflux
A high intake of fat
smoking
High alcohol consumption
Ellison - Zollinger
hiatal hernia
What are the symptoms and signs
The patient may complain of hard to swallow called dysphagia which may represent the end of the disease because of dysphagia to happen, there must be at least 60% of the circumference of the esophagus or to commit this type infiltrated by cancer malignant dysphagia presents the following characteristics acute malignant dysphagia months dysphagia solid, but not to the fluid in the beginning but later, for both solids and fluids of dysphagia is progressive in nature due to an increase of the size of the tumor is accompanied by poor general condition of the patient due to it is associated with old age toxeamia malnutrition due to the absorption of necrotic malignant tissue
The patient may complain of pain when swallowing called adenophagia
The patient may complain of loss of appetite and poor nutrition weight loss
The patient may complain of pain in the form of heart burn behind the breastbone or epigastric region severe pain and can eat up can continue most of the day
The patient with esophageal cancer may complain of coughing and choking and aspiration pneumonia if the tumor extended to the trachea and causes tracheoesophageal fistula
The patient may complain of chirp if the tumor extended to the tracheobroncheal tree
The patient may complain of hoarseness if the extensive tumor causing the recurrent laryngeal nerve paralysis leading to vocal cord paralysis
The patient may complain of systemic manifestations when the tumor spread or metastasis to other organs such as jaundice and ascites in case of hepatic metastases and bone pain or pathological bone fractures when bone metastases or shortness of breath or dyspnea and pleural effusion in case of lung metastases
The patient with esophageal cancer may complain of nonspecific symptoms gasrtointestinal so most esophageal cancers are discovered late because the patient's symptoms may not clear until more than half of the light of the esophagus is blocked by the cancer
The cancer esophagus can discovered incidentally during investigation of the endoscopic esophageal
The complainant patientmay of regurgitation and vomiting
The patient may complain of vomiting blood, which can be called massive hematemesis
The patient may complain of hiccups due to spread of the cancer to the phrenic nerve can cause diaphragmatic paralysis
The patient may complain of swelling, such as lymph nodes or lymphadenopathay
What are the investigations of esophageal cancer
barium meal
That can show short narrowing of esophageal segment, irregular filling defect, rat tail appearance when less light and proximal dilatation third cancer may appear
Upper endoscopy or esophagoscopy for esophageal cancer
Which shows the lesion growth and a biopsy was taken for histological examination
Other gathering surveys to detect the spread of cancer or metastases in other organs such as
Simple X-ray and computed tomography scan of the chest CT
Abdominal ultrasound and computed tomography for esophageal cancer
Thoracoscopy and laporascopy
Magnetic resonance imaging MRI scan esophageal cancer
endoscopic ultrasound
Positron emission tomography
Tags: cancer, esophagus, diagnosis, the cancer esophagus
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